Marxist analysis of 'Measure for measure.'

 'Measure for Measure' by William Shakespeare is a play that has been widely studied and analysed through various critical lenses, including Marxist literary theory. In this analysis, we will examine how Marxist literary theory can be applied to 'Measure for Measure' to understand the play's exploration of social and economic hierarchies, power relations, and class conflict.

At its core, Marxist literary theory asserts that literature reflects the social and economic conditions of its time, and that the dominant ideologies and power structures of a society are reinforced through literary works. In 'Measure for Measure', Shakespeare examines the theme of justice and the tension between law and mercy. The play takes place in Vienna, where Duke Vincentio hands over his power to Angelo, who is tasked with enforcing the laws of the city. Angelo's strict adherence to the law, however, leads to injustice and oppression, particularly for the lower classes.

Marxist critics have noted that the play reflects the class conflicts and power relations of its time. The play's characters are divided into two main classes: the ruling class, represented by Duke Vincentio and Angelo, and the lower classes, represented by the common people of Vienna. The play also includes characters who are marginalised and oppressed, such as the prostitutes, who are subjected to Angelo's puritanical laws.

One of the key themes of the play is the tension between law and mercy, which Marxist critics have interpreted as reflecting the tension between the interests of the ruling class and the lower classes. The play's focus on law and justice can be seen as an attempt to legitimise the power of the ruling class, while the theme of mercy can be interpreted as an appeal to the lower classes to accept their oppression and submit to the power of the ruling class.

Marxist critics have also noted the ways in which 'Measure for Measure' critiques the institutions of the ruling class, particularly the legal system. The play shows how the law is used to oppress the lower classes, and how the ruling class uses the law to maintain their power and privilege. For example, Angelo uses his power as a representative of the law to exploit the lower classes and enforce his own personal desires.

The play also explores the theme of economic exploitation, particularly through the character of Pompey, who works as a pimp and is exploited by both the ruling class and the lower classes. Pompey's character highlights the ways in which the lower classes are forced to engage in illegal and immoral activities in order to survive, while the ruling class benefits from their labor and exploits their vulnerabilities.

In addition to these themes, Marxist critics have also analyzed the play's characters in terms of their social and economic status. For example, Duke Vincentio can be seen as a representative of the ruling class, while the lower classes are represented by characters such as Pompey and the prostitutes. The play's portrayal of these characters and their interactions highlights the class conflict and power relations of the society in which the play is set.

In conclusion, Marxist literary theory can be applied to 'Measure for Measure' to understand the play's exploration of social and economic hierarchies, power relations, and class conflict. The play reflects the class conflicts and power relations of its time, and critiques the institutions of the ruling class, particularly the legal system. Through its portrayal of characters and their interactions, the play highlights the tension between the interests of the ruling class and the lower classes, and explores the theme of economic exploitation. By examining 'Measure for Measure' through a Marxist lens, we can gain a deeper understanding of the play's social and political context, and the ways in which it reflects and critiques the dominant ideologies and power structures of its time.